IP address and domain name Xiangjie

The Internet (Internet) on the contribution has millions of hosts (host), to distinguish between these hosts, people are assigned to each host a special "address" as the logo, called the IP address, it is like your online ID card, to view their own IP address in Windows 9x systems, click "Start" 鈫?"Run" 鈫?typing "winipcfg" (2000/xp enter ipconfig) 鈫?press Enter. IP is Internet Protocol ( Internet Protocol) stands for. the host of information to pass between the need to know each other's IP address. the length of each IP address for the 32-bit (bit), divided into 4 segments, each 8 bits (1 byte), common decimal digits, each number ranging from 1 to 254, paragraphs and between paragraphs separated with the decimal point. each byte (above) can also be expressed in hexadecimal or binary. Each IP address consists of two ID ( identification number), that is the network ID and host ID. the same physical network, all hosts are using the same network ID, a host on the network (workstations, servers and routers, etc.) corresponding to a host ID. that the IP address 4 bytes is divided into two parts, the network is used to indicate the specific paragraph, that the network ID; the other part is used to indicate the specific node, that is, the host ID. This 32-bit address is divided into five categories corresponding to in the A class, B class, C class, D class and E class IP address.

1. A class of IP address

1 A class of IP address by a byte (each byte is 8 bits) of the network address and 3 bytes of the composition of the host address, network address of the highest level must be "0", that the first paragraph numbers range from 1 to 127 . Each Class A address can be connected to 16,387,064 hosts, Internet there are 126 Class A addresses.

2. Class B IP address

A Class B IP address by the two bytes of network address and 2 bytes of the composition of the host address, network address of the highest level must be "10", that is, the first paragraph of the range of 128 ~ 191 figures. Each Class B address can be connected to 64,516 hosts, Internet there are 16,256 Class B addresses.

3. Class C IP address

A C class address is 3 bytes of network address and a byte composed of the host address, network address of the highest level must be "ll0", the first paragraph of the digital range of 192 ~ 223. Each of C class addresses can connect 254 hosts, Internet there are 2,054,512 Class C address.

4. D class address for Multicast.

The first byte to "lll0" Start, the first byte of the number range of 224 ~ 239, is the Multicast address, the transmission of information for multi-destination, and as a backup. All-zero ("0.0.0.0") address corresponding to the current host, all "1" IP address ("255.255.255.255") is the current subnet broadcast address.
5. E Class Address

To "llll0" started, that first paragraph of the digital range of 240 ~ 254. E class addresses retained for experimental and development use only.

Some IP addresses used for special purposes

鈶?host segment (ie, host) ID all set to "0" is called Network Address IP address, such as the Class B network address is 129.45.0.0.

鈶?the host ID part of the whole set to "1" (ie 255) of IP address called a broadcast address, such as 129.45.255.255 broadcast address is the B class.

鈶?network ID can not be decimal "127" as the beginning of the address number 127 reserved for diagnostic use. If 127.1.1.1 used for loop testing, and network ID's first 8-bit group can not all be set to "0", the whole set "0" indicates that the local network. Network ID part to the "0" and all "1" of IP addresses is reserved to use.

Internet's designers do not know how to develop it. Some people imagine a number of Internet hosts will contain several networks. Others predict that many of the network and every web host is not too much, as a compromise, Internet address is suitable for large networks and small networks. They were identified as 32-bit but there are three types. Address is the custom, its highest definition of the type of address. A class of address to support multiple hosts in a network: the highest bit is 0, following a 7bit network part and host part 24bii. In the B class address, highest non-0, follow a 14bit network number and host number 16bii. Class C addresses start with 110, followed with 2lbit 8bit network number and host number. According to conventional, Internet addresses given by the plus points of the characters. Address by the decimal number 10, composed of four parts, with a point to separate. For example, 10.0,0.51, and 128.10.2.1 are A class and B class of Internet addresses.

As the IP address of all these figures, for ease of user memory, Internet domain name system on the introduction of the DNS (Domain Name System). When you type a domain name when the message arrived first to provide the domain name resolution server, then this domain name resolution for the corresponding IP address of the site. The course of this task is called domain name resolution. Domain name resolution process is: when a machine a name server to its domain name resolution request to issue A, if A can be resolved, analytical results will be issued to a, otherwise, A will send B to its parent domain name server resolve the request, if B can be resolved, analytical results will be issued to a, if B can not resolve, the request will be sent to a domain name server level C ... ... it goes on until the resolution to date. Internet domain name is simply the name of the host, it uses the hierarchy, each layer to form a sub-domain between subdomains separated with dots, from left to right are: computer name, network name, organization name, level domain name. Internet Domain Name System is a tree structure.

To distinguish the highest body has seven original domain: com (commercial organizations), net (network service), gov (government agencies), mil (military organization), org (nonprofit organization), edu (education department), int (international organizations). In 1997 they added seven most advanced standard domain name: firm (business and corporate), store (business enterprises), web (WEB-related businesses engaged in the entity), arts (for cultural and entertainment entities), REC (in entertainment business entity), info (entities engaged in information services), nom (engaging in personal activities of individuals, release personal information). The domain name registration service commitment by several organizations, CNNIC has the honor of being one of a registered institution; in accordance with ISO-3166 standard developed by the national domain, usually by the country's NIC (Network Information Center, Network Information Center) is responsible for running.

The highest in geographic domain names are: AQ (Antarctica), AR (Argentina), AT (Austria), AU (Australia), BE (Belgium), BR (Brazil), CA (Canada), CH (Switzerland), CN ( China), DE (Germany), DK (Denmark), ES (Spain), FI (Finland), FR (France), GR (Greece), IE (, Ireland), IL (Israel), IN (India), IS (Iceland), IT (Italy), JP (Japan), KR (Korea), MY (Malaysia), NL (Netherlands), NO (Norway), NZ (New Zealand), PT (Portugal), RU (Russia), SE (Sweden), SG (Singapore), TH (Thailand), TW (China Taiwan), UK or GB (United Kingdom), US (United States) (normally omitted), etc..
Chinese domain name system is divided into two categories of domain names and administrative domain. There are six categories of domain names were followed in accordance with the nature of the applicant organization is divided into: AC-research institutions; COM-industrial, commercial, financial and other professional; EDU-education institutions; GOV-government; NET-connected network, access network Information Center and Operations Center; ORG-all-for-profit organization. Administrative domain in accordance with the various administrative regions of China made, and its delineation of the Bureau of Technical Supervision issued in accordance with national standards may be, including "administrative domain" of 34 for China's provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, namely: BJ - Beijing; SH-Shanghai; TJ-Tianjin; CQ-Chongqing City; HE-Hebei Province; SX-Shanxi Province; NM-Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; LN-Liaoning Province; JL-Jilin; HL-Heilongjiang Province; JS - Jiangsu Province; ZJ-Zhejiang; AH-Anhui; FJ-Fujian Province; JX-Jiangxi Province; SD-Shandong Province; HA-Henan Province; HB-Hubei Province; HN-Hunan Province; GD-Guangdong Province; GX- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; HI-Hainan Province; SC-Sichuan Province; GZ-Guizhou Province; YN-Yunnan Province; XZ-Tibet Autonomous Region; SN-Shaanxi Province; GS-Gansu Province; QH - Qinghai Province; NX-Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; XJ-Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; TW-Taiwan; HK-Hong Kong; MO-Macau. CN domain names by the addition edu.cn CernNic (education network) is running, the other run by the CNNIC.

Traditional domain name and website is a technical level, things, and has strict rules, the above-mentioned components of a complete "URL" (URL), some URL also contains a database password and so on. More recently, a Chinese domain name, such as the "3721 Chinese website" is a set up technology in the IP address and domain name on the "applications and services," which do not need to change the existing network structure and the domain name system, a complex URL conversion The Chinese word for an intuitive, easy to achieve the Chinese Internet users. Another "CNNIC Chinese domain name" is outstanding network of concepts and techniques, because it is a technical standards and norms, and its introduction to domain localization standard-based, fully embodies the CNNIC, as the identity of the Chinese domain name administrator for Chinese site provides localization

Domain name registration services. This is not a level two things, so do not conflict, but support for traditional Chinese website 3721 "IP address" and "domain" technology system, also naturally support the CNNIC "Chinese domain name", 3721 as long as the browser user in the address bar enter "http://" + "Chinese domain name" you can use the CNNIC Chinese domain name system, according to the old habit of the Chinese name of the direct input of Chinese web site is still using the 3721 service. Generally speaking, each "domain" or "Chinese domain name" only correspond to a "IP address", since 3721 as a Chinese website set up at the top of the application, 3721 in Chinese website can have a "one to one" (a Chinese web site corresponding to a web site) , "one to many" (a Chinese web site corresponding to multiple mirror sites), "many to one" (the corresponding number of Chinese at a Chinese site), "many" other forms. Can be the URL (including deep catalog) into a simple, intuitive Chinese vocabulary. The continuous development of science and technology address and domain will have more meaning ... ...

In the INTERNET on the other address - e-mail address, or E-MAIL address. E-MAIL address has the following uniform standard format: user name @ host name, user name is your user on the host used code, @ symbol is the domain name you're using the computer. @ Can be read as "AT", is "in" means.











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